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Index - Child Subjects
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B.1- Calories
availability
DEFINITION: The
average nutritional energy content of the total daily per capita food supply,
for a given country, territory, or geographic area, over a specific period in
time, usually a year.
TECHNICAL NOTE:
Calorie availability is derived from food balance sheets standardized for a
range of primary food commodities for human consumption, originated from
supply/utilization national accounts maintained by the Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations. (Calculated according to the availability of
the various types of food (grains, tubers, vegetables, milk, sugar, meat, etc.)
for human consumption. Each type is converted into kilocalories (numerator) and
divided by the total person-days--that is, the product of the total population
multiplied by 365 (denominator).
TYPE: Index
MEASURE UNITS:
Kcal/day per capita
B.2- Literacy rate
DEFINITION: The
proportion of the population aged 15 years and older that is literate, expressed
as a percentage of the corresponding population, in total or by sex, in a given
country, territory, or geographic area, at a specific point in time, usually
mid-year. For statistical purposes, a person is literate if he/she can read,
write, and understand a short simple statement about his/her life.
TECHNICAL NOTE:
Literacy rate definition complies with the revised recommendation concerning the
International Standardization of Educational Statistics, adopted by the United
Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Literacy
rate data represent mid-year estimated values, consistent with the UNESCO's 1998
revision of the world adult literacy estimates and projections.
TYPE: Rate
MEASURE UNITS: Percent
CATEGORIES: Total,
Male, Female
B.3- Gross primary
enrollment ratio
DEFINITION: The total
number of pupils or of a given sex enrolled in primary education, regardless of
age. It is expressed as a percentage of the corresponding population of the age
group which officially corresponds to primary schooling, at a specific period of
time, usually a year, for a given country, territory, or geographic area.
According to the 1997 International Standard Classification of Education
(ISCED-97), adopted by UNESCO, primary education is defined as the level of
education whose main function is to provide the basic elements of education at
such establishments as elementary schools, and primary schools.
TECHNICAL NOTE: Gross
enrollment ratios are based on the enrollment estimates made by UNESCO from
national enrollment figures and population mid-year estimates from the
corresponding United Nations fertility medium-variant quinquennial population
projections. All ratios are expressed as percentages and may exceed 100 because
of early entry, repetition, and, for countries with universal education at a
given level, whenever the actual age distribution of pupils extends beyond the
official school ages.
TYPE: Rate
MEASURE UNITS: Percent
CATEGORIES: Total,
Male, Female
B.4- Gross National
Product (GNP), per capita, current US$ (Atlas Method)
DEFINITION: The
average per capita market value of the sum of gross primary incomes receivable
by all resident institutional units for a given national economy, at a given
period in time, usually a year, expressed in current US dollars using the World
Bank Atlas method. The gross national product (GNP) is the sum of gross value
added by all resident producers in the economy plus any taxes and minus any
subsidies that are not included in the valuation of output, plus net receipts of
primary income (employee compensation and property income) from nonresident
sources. The residency of an institutional unit is defined on the basis of
economic interest in the territory for more than a year. GNP provides an
aggregate measure of income.
TECHNICAL NOTE: GNP
figures are those estimated by the World Bank from the corresponding figures in
the United Nations Systems of National Accounts, expressed in domestic currency.
The World Bank Atlas method of conversion is used to smooth fluctuations in
prices and exchange rates, and it applies a conversion factor that averages the
exchange rate for a given year and the two preceding years, adjusted for
differences in rates of inflation between the country and the G-5 countries
(France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States). Per capita
figures are based on World Bank population estimates and projections, which use
the cohort component method.
TYPE: Index
MEASURE UNITS: US
Dollars per capita
B.5- Gross National
Product (GNP), per capita, international $ (PPP-adjusted)
DEFINITION: The
average per capita market value of the sum of gross primary incomes receivable
by all resident institutional units for a given national economy, at a given
period in time, usually a year, expressed in international dollars using
purchasing power parity rates. The gross national product (GNP) is the sum of
gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any taxes and
minus any subsidies that are not included in the valuation of output, plus net
receipts of primary income (employee compensation and property income) from
nonresident sources. The residency of an institutional unit is defined on the
basis of economic interest in the territory for more than a year. GNP provides
an aggregate measure of income. An international dollar is defined as the
currency unit that has the same purchasing power over GNP as the US dollar in
the United States.
TECHNICAL NOTE: GNP
figures are those estimated by the World Bank from the corresponding figures in
the United Nations Systems of National Accounts, expressed in domestic currency.
Purchasing power parity conversion factors are estimated by the World Bank based
on data collected by the International Comparison Programme (ICP), which is
coordinated by the United Nations regional economic commissions and other
international organizations. Per capita figures are based on World Bank
population estimates and projections, which use the cohort component method.
TYPE: Index
MEASURE UNITS:
International dollars per capita
B.6- Gross Domestic
Product (GDP), per capita, international $ (PPP-adjusted)
DEFINITION: The
average per capita market value of the sum of gross values added of all resident
institutional units engaged in production, for a given national economy, at a
given period in time, usually a year, expressed in international dollars using
purchasing power parity rates. The gross domestic product (GDP)
at market prices is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in
the economy plus any taxes and minus any subsidies that are not included in the
valuation of output. GDP measures the total output of goods and services for
final use occurring within the domestic territory of a given country, regardless
of the allocation to domestic and foreign claims; it provides an aggregate
measure of production. The residency of an institutional unit is defined on the
basis of economic interest in the territory for more than a year. An
international dollar is defined as the currency unit that has the same
purchasing power over GNP as the US dollar in the United States.
TECHNICAL NOTE: GDP
figures are those estimated by the World Bank from the corresponding figures in
the United Nations Systems of National Accounts, expressed in domestic currency.
GDP is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated
assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. Purchasing power
parity conversion factors are estimated by the World Bank based on data
collected by the International Comparison Programme (ICP), which is coordinated
by the United Nations regional economic commissions and other international
organizations. Per capita figures are based on World Bank population estimates
and projections, which use the cohort component method.
TYPE: Index
MEASURE UNITS:
International dollars per capita
B.7- Annual GDP
growth rate
DEFINITION: The annual
average rate of change of the gross domestic product (GDP)
at market prices based on constant local currency, for a given national economy,
during a specified period of time. It expresses the difference between GDP
values from one period to the next as a proportion of the GDP from the earlier period, usually multiplied by 100.
TECHNICAL NOTE:
GDP average annual
growth rates are those estimated by the World Bank from the corresponding data
in the United Nations Systems of National Accounts expressed in 1995 US dollars
constant prices, using the least-squares method. The least-squares growth rate
is estimated by fitting a linear regression trend line to the logarithmic annual
values of the variable in the relevant period. The calculated growth rate is an
average rate that is representative of the available observations over the
entire period. It does not necessarily match the actual growth rate between any
two periods.
TYPE: Rate
MEASURE UNITS: Percent
B.8- Highest 20% -
Lowest 20% income ratio
DEFINITION: The
quotient of the richest average income quintile divided by the poorest average
income quintile in a given population, for a given country, territory, or
geographic area, at a specific period in time, usually a year.
TECHNICAL NOTE: Data
are estimates based on national accounts or surveys assembled by Klaus Deininger
and Lyn Squire and published by the World Bank (http://www.worldbank.org/research/growth/absineq.htm).
(Measures inequalities in the distribution of household income in a given year
or period. The numerator is the cumulative income corresponding to the 20% of
households with the highest income, and the denominator the cumulative income of
the 20% of households with the lowest income. A complementary indicator can be
obtained by measuring the wealth, instead of the income, of the households,
which would represent the cumulative situation.)
TYPE: Ratio
MEASURE UNITS: Number
of times
B.9- Proportion of
population below the international poverty line
DEFINITION: The
percentage of the population living below the international poverty line in a
given country, territory, or geographic area, for a given sex and/or age group,
at a specific period in time, usually a year. International poverty line is
defined at less than $1.08 a day at 1993 international prices, equivalent to $1
in 1985 international prices, adjusted to local currency using purchasing power
parities.
TECHNICAL NOTE: The
international poverty line is prepared by the World Bank, based on its most
recent consumption purchasing power parity (PPP)
estimates in 1993 prices. Any revisions in the PPP of a country to incorporate better price indexes can
produce dramatically different poverty lines in local currency. PPP exchange rates are
designed for comparing aggregates from national accounts; thus, there is no
certainty that an international poverty line measures the same degree of need or
deprivation across countries.
The definition of poverty used in Latin America by ECLAC uses the
income method, which is based on the calculation of poverty lines. These
represent the amount of income required by each household to meet the basic
needs of all its members. The extreme poverty line is based on an estimate of
the cost of a basic food basket that covers the nutritional needs of the
population, taking into account its consumption habits, as well as the actual
availability of food in the country and its relative prices. The number of
households living in extreme poverty and the total number of households are used
to estimate the population living in extreme poverty. In many cases what is
actually calculated is the percentage of households, and not the population,
living in extreme poverty. Although the ultimate objective--the measurement of
extreme poverty--is the same, the figures for the different countries are not
strictly comparable, since different operational definitions are used: the
content of the food basket, adjusted by relative prices according to
geographical area, consumption habits, etc. Despite the lack of strict
comparability, the values obtained can be used to monitor a country's situation
and make general comparisons, with due caution and consideration of the methods
of calculation.
TYPE: Proportion
MEASURE UNITS: Percent
B.10- Proportion of
population below the national poverty line
DEFINITION: The
percentage of the population living below the national poverty line in a given
country, territory, or geographic area, for a given sex and/or age group, at a
specific period in time, usually a year. The operational definition for a
national poverty line varies from country to country and represents the amount
of income required by each household to meet the basic needs of all its members.
TECHNICAL NOTE: The
poverty line is based on an estimate of the cost of a basic food basket that
covers the nutritional needs of the population, taking into account its
consumption habits, as well as the actual availability of food in the country
and its relative prices. The value of this basket is combined with an estimate
of the resources required by households to meet basic nondietary needs. Some
countries also define a national extreme poverty line by taking into account the
cost of the basic food basket only (i.e., excluding basic nondietary needs).
National estimated are based on population-weighted subgroup data from household
surveys.
TYPE: Proportion
MEASURE UNITS: Percent
B.11- Unemployed
proportion of the labor force
DEFINITION: The number
of members of the total population or of a given sex of the economically active
population, who are unemployed but are available to work and seeking employment.
This includes members who have lost their jobs and those who have voluntarily
left work, at a specific point in time. It is expressed as a percentage of the
economically active population in total or by sex. An economically active
individual is considered employed if he or she falls into one of the following
categories: has in-currency or in-kind paid employment, is self-employed, works
in a family business, or is not working temporarily for a particular reason, but
will return to work.
TECHNICAL NOTE:
Unemployment rates represent mid-year estimated values, according to the
International Labour Organization (ILO) estimates and definitions. The ILO
definition of unemployment notwithstanding, reference periods, criteria for
seeking work, and the treatment of people temporarily laid off as well as those
seeking work for the first time vary across countries. Informal sector
employment is difficult to quantify in the absence of regulations for
registering and tracking informal activities. (Calculated as the number of
unemployed people (numerator), divided by the size of the economically active
population (EAP) (denominator), multiplied by 100. The age cut-off may differ
from country to country. The reference period may also vary. Rates are usually
calculated for periods less than one year, with an annual average estimated on
the basis of the values of the shorter periods. The EAP is also known as the
work force. All people who are working or unemployed during the reference period
(one week, one day, etc.) are included. Every person over a specific age is
considered to be employed if he fits into one of the following categories: has
paid employment (in currency or in kind); is self-employed; works in a family
business; is not working temporarily for a particular reason, but will return to
work once the situation has returned to normal. )
TYPE: Proportion
MEASURE UNITS: Percent
CATEGORIES: Total,
Male, Female
B.12- Inflation:
consumer prices index's annual growth rate
DEFINITION: The annual
average rate of change in the cost, to the average consumer, of acquiring a
defined basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specific
intervals, such as yearly, for a given national economy, during a specified
period of time.
TECHNICAL NOTE:
Consumer price index is usually derived explicitly as the weighted arithmetic
mean of the current prices of goods and services from the fixed basket, obtained
through recurring price surveys, based on their fixed value-based weights for
the base period (Laspeyres formula), which are also obtained from household
expenditure surveys. Consumer price index growth rates are those estimated by
the World Bank from the corresponding data in the United Nations Systems of
National Accounts using the least-squares method.
TYPE: Rate
MEASURE UNITS: Percent
B.13 - Average years of schooling of the
population
The average number of
years of studies that the members of a population have had. A more easily
calculated proxy is the combined enrollment of the primary, secondary, and
tertiary educational levels. This indicator would measure the average number of
years of study that a child at the entry age of the educational cycle would have
in a given year if the primary, secondary, and tertiary enrollments remained the
same as those of the reference year. This is a complementary indicator of the
literacy rate, since it measures the current situation and its future impact,
while the literacy rate measures the cumulative situation.
MEASURE UNITS:
Years
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